Although energy metabolism status can also regulate intracellular ROS levels (e.g., glucose deprivation leads to a marked increase in cellular ROS) [53,54,55,56], our study demonstrated that supplementation with energy substrates such as sodium pyruvate in GGCT-knockdown cell models did not induce significant alterations in intracellular ROS levels
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Glutathione exists in redox equilibrium between disulfide (GSSG, oxidized form) and sulfhydryl (GSH, reduced form) forms and GSH levels in the living cells alter remarkably in response to the oxidative stress, which has been involved in many diseases and speeds up the aging process 5,6
Since GGT is involved in protein metabolism, waste excretion, and energy production, low levels may result from dietary, lifestyle, environmental, medication, or genetic factors